올해 5월 Science지에 재미있는 논문이 하나 발표됐다. "Bumble bees damage plant leaves and accelerate flower production when pollen is scarce"라는 제목으로, 뒤영벌(bumble bee)이 꽃가루가 부족할 때 잎에 상처를 내서 개화를 유도한다는 논문이었다. 스위스 ETH Zurich팀과 프랑스 INRA에서 발표한 결과인데, 짱짱한 기관들에서 이런 생태학적인 연구도 계속 하고 있다는 것이 당연하지만 왠지 흐뭇하기도 했다 (혹자는 Science에 참 편하게 낸다라고도 하겠지만, 결국 대중들에게 흥미롭게 다가가면서도 과학계에 이정표가 될만한 이런 연구가 실리는 게 당연하지 않을까?)
Figure 1이다. 지금까지 본 Figure 1 중 가장 아름답다! 연구진은 범블비가 뜬금없이 턱으로 잎에 상처를 내는 것을 관찰하였다고 한다. 먹는 것도 아니고, 그렇다고 벌집으로 가져가지도 않았다고 한다. 그래서 세운 가설이 '꽃을 피우기 위함이 아닐까?'. 스트레스가 개화를 유도한다는 사실은 잘 알려져 있지만 이는 대부분 가뭄이나 온도 등 비생물학적 스트레스에 초점이 맞춰져 있었고, 이처럼 곤충에 의한 생물학적 스트레스의 사례는 거의 없었다.
가설 1. 범블비에게 상처를 받은 식물은 개화가 빠를 것이다.
가설 검증을 위해 토마토(Solanum lycopersicum)와 흑겨자(Brassica nigra)에서 실험을 하였다. 범블비에게 상처를 받은 식물과 인위적으로 유사한 상처를 낸 식물, 그리고 무처리 식물에서 개화시기를 측정한 것이다.
위 그림과 같이 토마토, 흑겨자 모두에서 범블비에게 상처 입은 식물이 개화가 많이 빠르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 토마토에서는 무처리에 비해서는 약 한 달 정도나 빨랐으니 실로 효과적이다!
그런데 이게 진짜 꽃을 피우기 위해서 상처를 낸 건지, 다른 이유로 상처를 냈는데 우연히 꽃이 일찍 핀 건지 아직 단정지을 수 없다. 그래서 연구팀은 두 번째 가설을 세운다.
가설 2. 배고픈 범블비만 상처를 낼 것이다.
이 논문을 보기 전까지는 벌은 꿀만 먹고 꽃가루는 그 와중에 묻어서 식물번식을 촉진시키는 줄로만 알고 있었는데, 범블비에게는 꽃가루 자체가 영양원이라고 한다. 애벌레에게는 유일한 음식이고, 일벌에게도 중요한 단백질 공급원이라고 한다. 하여, 연구팀은 가설 2를 검증하기 위해 꽃가루를 먹인 범블비와 배고픈 범블비가 식물에 상처내는 정도를 관찰하였다.
위 그래프와 같이 배고픈 범블비가 상처를 유의미하게 많이 내는 것을 확인하여, 가설 2도 검증이 되었다. 즉, 괜히 잎을 뜯는 것이 아니라 배고파서 뜯는 것이다. 까마득한 언젠가 조상 범블비가 우연히 잎을 뜯었다가 꽃이 일찍 피는 것을 보고 익힌 습관이 유전자에 박혀 내려온 것이리.
이외 나머지 실험은 실험실을 벗어나 필드에서도 확인한 것들이다. ETH Zurich 캠퍼스 야외에서 진행한 결과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었고, 재미있게도 범블비는 종에 상관 없이 꽃이 없으면 상처를 내는데, (범블비가 아닌) 꿀벌이나 다른 벌들은 상처를 내지 않고 꽃을 찾아 계속 돌아다닌다고 한다. 즉, 상처내기 현상(leaf-damaging behavior)은 범블비에게서만 나타나는 현상이었다!
논문에서 하나 아쉬운 것은 범블비가 낸 상처가 인위적으로 낸 상처보다 개화를 빨리 유도하는 기작을 밝히지 못했다는 것이다. 이 분자적 기작까지 밝혔으면 조금 더 시원했을 텐데.
여담이지만 동물 행동학에 관심이 많았다. 어릴 때 꿈은 사육사나 곤충학자였다. 고등학교 때 최재천 교수님의 [개미제국의 발견]을 보다가 교수님께서 창설하신 동호회에 엽서를 보내 가입하게 되었고, 대학교 때는 처음으로 동호회에 직접 나가보기도 했다. 대학원 분야를 놓고 진지하게 고민하던 4학년 때는 최재천 교수님을 직접 찾아뵙고 면담을 하기도 했었다(당시 이화여대로 옮기시기 전이었다). 결국 동물행동학이 아닌 분자생물학을 선택했고 덕분에 관심도 이쪽으로 많이 기울었지만, 노스텔지아에 끄적거려 본 여담.
요즘 딸녀석이 범블비만 보면 범블비 노래를 부르며 춤추는 것도 정말 웃긴데, 유럽 연구진 덕분에 이 친구에 관한 재미있는 사실을 알게되었네.
오늘의 설약: 범블비는 꽃가루가 부족하여 배가 고플 때 잎에 상처를 내어 개화를 유도한다.
이름 모를 식물아,
이름 불리는 대신 몸짓을 허락하여
벌에게로 가서 꽃이 되었구나.
2020년 6월 28일 일요일
2020년 6월 25일 목요일
MBA Case Study_Samsung IoT Strategy
Summer 1에 IT Strategy라는 과목을 듣고 있다. 필수과목이라 신청한 과목이지만 (난 디지털 가이가 아니라), 생각보다 '전략'에 초점이 많이 맞춰져 있어, 재미있게 듣고 있다. 시험은 없고, 짧은 Write Ups 3개, 팀 프로젝트 1개, 개인 롱 프로젝트 1개다. 이중 두 번째 Write Up이 사물인터넷에 관한 것이었고, 나는 삼성을 선택하여 썼다. 짧은 글이지만 영광스럽게도 MBA 에세이 사상 처음으로 만점을 받았다. 다른 요인도 있지만 공통적으로는 영어 문장력/문법에서 점수를 깎이곤 했었는데, 이번엔 다행이다 (미국 대학에서 영어를 본다는 것이 처음에는 신기했고, 나 같은 외국인들에게는 불리하다는 생각도 했지만, 어쨌든 거기서 역차별로 이득을 보는 건 또 아닌 것 같다).
Suggested citation: Jin, Joon Yung, "Samsung IoT Strategy", June 11, 2020. Available at http://jinjjan.blogspot.com/2020/06/mba-case-studysamsung-iot-strategy.html
Samsung paves its way to the internet of things (IoT) space. The South Korea-based conglomerate shows an intriguing position as a non-US company that has multiple business divisions from electronics to apartments. Samsung is a traditional industry incumbent in electronics field, but also is a digital giant in semiconductor and smartphone space. Although its appearance in the IoT industry is not strong compared to its other businesses, one study found that Samsung is the leading company that holds highest number of IoT-related patents as of 2019 [1]. Therefore, we are witnessing Samsung’s move from “experimentation at the edge” now to “collision at the core” in terms of IoT. This means Samsung recognizes the next S curve and gives an effort to connect the current curve with the next in order to be a high performer along the evolution of industry.
A subsidiary of Samsung Group, Samsung SDS, is a control tower of the group’s IoT strategy as it develops information technologies to support across the divisions including manufacturing, retail and smart home, and this forms vertical integration [2]. Leveraging SDS’s competency, the huge household appliances company tries to build its home IoT world: “digital ubiquity” at home. Recently SDS collaborates with Raemian, an apartment brand of Samsung C&T, to foray into the home IoT segment [3]. This platform connects home appliances with house operating system to enhance customer value. Furthermore, it analyzes patterns of a resident lifestyle so that it can be automatically controlled without manipulation. They call this platform A.IoT which is a compound word of artificial intelligence (AI) and IoT. It is an open system middleware compatible with platforms provided by competitors in South Korea such as LG and SK building its own ecosystem (Exhibit 1). Samsung started to develop home IoT before 2017 with household consumers as their major audience, but it is still in the introduction phase in business life cycle (“experimentation at the edge”) according to the consumer perception. Its primary market, South Korea, is emerging (as opposed to mature) market in IoT, so it is hard to say Samsung is dominant currently.
The vertical integration and synergies between divisions described above is an internal approach. Samsung also used external approach capitalizing on ecosystem with new entrants mainly via acquisition. For the IoT business (not limited to home IoT), Samsung has started to acquire IoT platform companies since 2014 [4] (Exhibit 2). Among them, VIV Labs, acquired in 2016, enabled Samsung to have Natural Language Understanding and Machine Learning capabilities which has advanced Samsung’s voice-powered digital assistant platform, Bixby. This is a crucial milestone for Samsung’s home IoT business.
Despite the ecosystem Samsung is building, the dominant ecosystem in and around home IoT are being built primarily by incumbents together with digital giants. A digital giant, Amazon, which has its IoT technology penetrated into household with Alexa, partnered with LG Electronics. LG could save 80 percent in development cost thanks to AWS IoT platform [5]. As such, incumbents in the home appliances are taking advantage of the software and platform solutions provided by digital giants.
The vertical integration gives Samsung an opportunity to control entire value chain and to deliver the voice of customer straight to the upstream. And in South Korea, the company has dominant power to orchestrate the ecosystem of IoT. But at the same time, sticking to the local market could be a big challenge of Samsung to be a global player. In addition, its competency in software development is relatively weak [6]. It could be overcome with partnering with global software companies as LG utilizing AWS or even Samsung itself partnering with Google to carry Android platform into Galaxy. In addition, given the life cycle of household appliances are long, if Samsung adopts the outcome-based business model like GE [7], it will bring another revenue stream interacting with customers in real-time. Finally, a Korean company is inclined to be a fast follower rather than a first mover. Samsung needs to upend this culture to be a global dominant player in the new arena, IoT.
Exhibit 1. Samsung Home A.IoT Platform and Its Ecosystem
Exhibit 2. M&A Activities of Samsung in IoT since 2014
References
1. Internet of Things: Leading patent owners worldwide 2019 (n.d.). Retrieved June 6, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/992118/worldwide-internet-of-things-top-patent-owners/
2. Samsung SDS. (2020, June 04). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_SDS
3. 삼성물산, 인공지능·사물인터넷 결합한 '래미안 AIoT 플랫폼' 개발. (2020, April 08). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from http://www.aitimes.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=15966
4. 삼성전자, 해외 인수·합병 광폭 행보 '사물인터넷 주도권 잡기'. (2016, November 16). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://news.v.daum.net/v/20161116220343924
5. AWS Case Study: LG Electronics. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/lg-electronics/?cs=1
6. 삼성의 SW역량 반성 "초가집 짓는 수준". (2016, July 05). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/07/06/2016070600442.html
7. Iansiti, M., & Lakhani, K. (2014, November). Digital Ubiquity: How Connections, Sensors, and Data Are Revolutionizing Business. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://hbr.org/2014/11/digital-ubiquity-how-connections-sensors-and-data-are-revolutionizing-business
8. Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons, 58(4), 431-440. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2015.03.008
Suggested citation: Jin, Joon Yung, "Samsung IoT Strategy", June 11, 2020. Available at http://jinjjan.blogspot.com/2020/06/mba-case-studysamsung-iot-strategy.html
Samsung paves its way to the internet of things (IoT) space. The South Korea-based conglomerate shows an intriguing position as a non-US company that has multiple business divisions from electronics to apartments. Samsung is a traditional industry incumbent in electronics field, but also is a digital giant in semiconductor and smartphone space. Although its appearance in the IoT industry is not strong compared to its other businesses, one study found that Samsung is the leading company that holds highest number of IoT-related patents as of 2019 [1]. Therefore, we are witnessing Samsung’s move from “experimentation at the edge” now to “collision at the core” in terms of IoT. This means Samsung recognizes the next S curve and gives an effort to connect the current curve with the next in order to be a high performer along the evolution of industry.
A subsidiary of Samsung Group, Samsung SDS, is a control tower of the group’s IoT strategy as it develops information technologies to support across the divisions including manufacturing, retail and smart home, and this forms vertical integration [2]. Leveraging SDS’s competency, the huge household appliances company tries to build its home IoT world: “digital ubiquity” at home. Recently SDS collaborates with Raemian, an apartment brand of Samsung C&T, to foray into the home IoT segment [3]. This platform connects home appliances with house operating system to enhance customer value. Furthermore, it analyzes patterns of a resident lifestyle so that it can be automatically controlled without manipulation. They call this platform A.IoT which is a compound word of artificial intelligence (AI) and IoT. It is an open system middleware compatible with platforms provided by competitors in South Korea such as LG and SK building its own ecosystem (Exhibit 1). Samsung started to develop home IoT before 2017 with household consumers as their major audience, but it is still in the introduction phase in business life cycle (“experimentation at the edge”) according to the consumer perception. Its primary market, South Korea, is emerging (as opposed to mature) market in IoT, so it is hard to say Samsung is dominant currently.
The vertical integration and synergies between divisions described above is an internal approach. Samsung also used external approach capitalizing on ecosystem with new entrants mainly via acquisition. For the IoT business (not limited to home IoT), Samsung has started to acquire IoT platform companies since 2014 [4] (Exhibit 2). Among them, VIV Labs, acquired in 2016, enabled Samsung to have Natural Language Understanding and Machine Learning capabilities which has advanced Samsung’s voice-powered digital assistant platform, Bixby. This is a crucial milestone for Samsung’s home IoT business.
Despite the ecosystem Samsung is building, the dominant ecosystem in and around home IoT are being built primarily by incumbents together with digital giants. A digital giant, Amazon, which has its IoT technology penetrated into household with Alexa, partnered with LG Electronics. LG could save 80 percent in development cost thanks to AWS IoT platform [5]. As such, incumbents in the home appliances are taking advantage of the software and platform solutions provided by digital giants.
The vertical integration gives Samsung an opportunity to control entire value chain and to deliver the voice of customer straight to the upstream. And in South Korea, the company has dominant power to orchestrate the ecosystem of IoT. But at the same time, sticking to the local market could be a big challenge of Samsung to be a global player. In addition, its competency in software development is relatively weak [6]. It could be overcome with partnering with global software companies as LG utilizing AWS or even Samsung itself partnering with Google to carry Android platform into Galaxy. In addition, given the life cycle of household appliances are long, if Samsung adopts the outcome-based business model like GE [7], it will bring another revenue stream interacting with customers in real-time. Finally, a Korean company is inclined to be a fast follower rather than a first mover. Samsung needs to upend this culture to be a global dominant player in the new arena, IoT.
Exhibit 1. Samsung Home A.IoT Platform and Its Ecosystem
Exhibit 2. M&A Activities of Samsung in IoT since 2014
References
1. Internet of Things: Leading patent owners worldwide 2019 (n.d.). Retrieved June 6, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/992118/worldwide-internet-of-things-top-patent-owners/
2. Samsung SDS. (2020, June 04). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_SDS
3. 삼성물산, 인공지능·사물인터넷 결합한 '래미안 AIoT 플랫폼' 개발. (2020, April 08). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from http://www.aitimes.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=15966
4. 삼성전자, 해외 인수·합병 광폭 행보 '사물인터넷 주도권 잡기'. (2016, November 16). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://news.v.daum.net/v/20161116220343924
5. AWS Case Study: LG Electronics. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/lg-electronics/?cs=1
6. 삼성의 SW역량 반성 "초가집 짓는 수준". (2016, July 05). Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/07/06/2016070600442.html
7. Iansiti, M., & Lakhani, K. (2014, November). Digital Ubiquity: How Connections, Sensors, and Data Are Revolutionizing Business. Retrieved June 06, 2020, from https://hbr.org/2014/11/digital-ubiquity-how-connections-sensors-and-data-are-revolutionizing-business
8. Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons, 58(4), 431-440. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2015.03.008
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